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would be coded present-negative; “Did

you have problems getting toilet trained?” would be coded past-negative; “Do you expect that we’ll

hire you if you continue to be considerate?” would be coded future positive.

2. Compute the frequency and percentage of each question type for each therapist category and

patient type.

3. Compute the average for each row and column total, collapsing across time focus for positive-

negative focus, and across the latter to get summaries of the time focus.

4. Compute the mean percentage of each question type by collapsing across all types of therapy.

5 . What conclusions can be drawn about types of questions asked by therapists in general, by each

therapist, and of each client?

6. Compare the different interpretations and treatment recommendations advanced by each of the

therapists.

DISCUSSION, EXTENSIONS, AND EXPERIMENTAL VARIATIONS

1. What are the similarities and differences among the three approaches to therapy?

2. What information-seeking strategies did the therapists use in their interviews?

3 . What are the possible consequences of such selective search strategies? What gives rise to them?

What effects might they have on the client? On the therapist’s perceptions of what the client is

“really like”?

4. What are the connections between the impression formation and management processes discussed

in the first section and comparable processes demonstrated here?

5. Do different types of therapy seem more appropriate for particular types of client problems?

6. Which “facts” of the case agree and which are in dispute among the different approaches?

7. What are the most significant differences among the therapeutic approaches? What were their

similarities?

8. Which therapist role seemed most interesting to play? What made it so?

9. Mention the limitations of this role-playing session—the lack of experience of the mock therapists,

the time constraints, and the client’s nonpathological condition.

440

10. Raise the issue that any of the students might be solicited at some time for help with someone’s

psychological problem. How will they approach the problem of offering support and advice to

someone in need? (However, caution them against acting like therapists on the basis of their limited

experiences in this course.)

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

Prochaska, J. 0. (1984). Systems of psychotherapy: A transtheoretical analysis. Homewood, IL,: Dorsey Press.

Korchin, S. J. (1976). Modern clinical psychology. New York: Basic Books.

DSM-IV, 1993. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

Traux, C.B., & Carkhuff, R-R. (1965). Experimental manipulation of therapeutic conditions. Journal of

Consulting Psychology, 29, 119-1924.

441

THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION CODING FORM

Disorder:________________ Disorder:________________

Positive Negative Positive Negative

Past

Behavioristic

Present

Future

Positive Negative Positive Negative

Past

Psychodynamic

Present

Future

Positive Negative Positive Negative

Past

Humanistic

Present

Future

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